47, No. There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. Ba'al Hadad is a few times called l's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called, possibly because l is in the position of a clan-father to all the gods. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. 4. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. Even though his name isnt mentioned even once in our English Bibles, the proof of Enlils power is written in the Old Testament. [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. Despite their varied appearance to the. The son who is born of the union, called Demars or Zeus, but once called Adodus, is obviously Hadad, the Ba'al of the Ugaritic texts who now becomes an ally of his grandfather Sky and begins to make war on l. Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. ama (Sumerian Utu) is the god of the sun. Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Nanna (also known as Nannar, Nanna-Suen, Sin, Asimbabbar, Namrasit, Inbu) is the Mesopotamian god of the moon and wisdom. Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved, is not interested in setting the work forth completely or in order. Scholars used to believe that the gods name was a combination of the Sumerian wordsen(lord) andll(air/wind or storm). Worshipers of each city would go to the main temple to pay their respects to the main god. One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. But how did a god once associated with growth and healing come to embody war and malevolence? In Ugaritic the plural form meaning "gods" is ilhm, equivalent to Hebrew elhm "powers". Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. Members of the Mesopotamian pantheon were immortal, and as long as they were above the Netherworld, had an aura about them called melammu, which was described as a glow which instantly distinguished them from mere mortals. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. Despite Enlils symbol having been a horned crown, no horns can be seen in this instance although that is likely to be a result of thousands of years of damage. It probably means he of Kumar, a site identified with the modern village of Kmr, about twenty-five miles northwest of Aleppo. And the great council of all the Holy Ones. Gula was also known to be the goddess of dogs and other animals, and this is immortalized in depictions of her with a dog carved into a boundary stone dating from the period. Unlike Ereshkigal, the healing goddess of Sumer had a much brighter reputation in the region. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. Sometimes he is specifically named (or at least identified with) Sn.[9]. When it comes to the well-known sun gods of early man, nothing in the mythical record seems to have unnerved the experts. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. Marduk = Babylonian. Emesh was depicted as a farmer. The Sumerian texts state that he used his powers responsibly and with benevolence, always watching over the well-being of humanity. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. The title gitti is also found in Serbit text 353. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. Strangely, Nanna was also considered to be the god of cattle because their horns resembled the crescent moon. In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. He was also known as Ningirsu and was sometimes portrayed as the god of hunting. 1 (1984), p. 1. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . Nibiru = Sumerian "planet of the crossing". For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". See Baal for a discussion of this passage. Genesis, Book of. In Sumerian astrology, the planet Saturn was associated with Ninurta and he was considered a bad omen. Osiris was the God of the Afterlife, King of Heaven and Hell, the King of Eternity, King of the Living, Master of Souls; He who appears as ram in Mendes, and the Sovereign of Amenti. Nammu Nammu was the one who gave birth to the first deities An (the god of heaven) and Ki (the earth goddess) and to many more of the ancient gods. This recent reconsideration of the nature of Enlil is quite different from the way the god has traditionally been understood by scholars. El is depicted primarily as a warrior; in Ugaritic sources Baal has the warrior role and El is peaceful, and it may be that the Sanchuniathon depicts an earlier tradition that was more preserved in the southern regions of Canaan. The phrase also occurs in the Pyrgi Inscription as hkkbm 'l (preceded by the definite article h and followed by the m-enclitic). Similarly, it is argued inconclusively whether l Shaddi, l 'lm, l 'Elyn, and so forth, were originally understood as separate divinities. It was widely believed that a human kings right to rule derived from the favor of Enlil; in fact, kingship, the attribute of royalty that conveyed the divine authority of a king, was literally called enlilship.[19]But until about 2450 BC, Enlil did not bestow that power to kings across all of Sumer. Different from many other major pantheistic societies, such as the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Aztecs, the chief astral god of the Sumerians wasnt the sun god, but the moon god Nanna otherwise known as Sin. Rather than emerging from Sumer in the south, as Mesopotamian civilization is assumed to have done, recent research shows that the god was transplanted to Sumer by migrants from the north or northwest. For the reference in some texts of Deuteronomy 32:8 to seventy sons of God corresponding to the seventy sons of l in the Ugaritic texts, see `Elyn. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. l is rather the son of Sky (Uranus) and Earth (Ge). https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. One of the most stark examples of Sumerian religion being different from modern ones is the sheer humanness of ancient Mesopotamian gods. The latter descriptions are supported by a tale of how Enlil and Enki ordered the gods Labar and Ashnan to Earth in order to give cattle and grain to its inhabitants. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. Its symbol is based on the Sumerians' primordial god of wisdom and waters, Enki [4] with the head and upper body of a mountain goat, and the lower body and tail of a fish. At an early period of Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to be the twin brother of Inanna. The E-kur was the home of the divine council, the place where the gods convened to decide and decree the fates of the people under their domain. For example, the people of Uruk revered the god An and the goddess Inanna, while the residents of Nippur considered Enlil to be their patron deity, and Eridu saw Enki being held as most important. 2, p. 938). I discussed the moon-god in some detail in my book on the spiritual forces behind Islam,Bad Moon Rising. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. Its true that correlation does not imply causation, but the arrival in Sumer of that epithet at about the same time as groups of Semitic-speaking Akkadians and Amorites is strong circumstantial evidence. lm; Aramaic l; Akkadian ilu, pl. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. For example, although Engur was the original personification of the Abzu, it was later declared that Enki, who was something of a stepson to him, was in charge of all water, and even later, the Abzu was deemed a deity in and of itself in the Babylonian version of events. The Saturnalia festival celebrates his pleasant rule. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds Mesopotamian moon god. The names of these wives are not explicitly provided, but some confusing rubrics at the beginning of the account mention the goddess Athirat, who is otherwise l's chief wife, and the goddess Ramayyu ("the one of the womb"), otherwise unknown. Remember, the Amorites of that era worshiped only two gods, the god Ilu (El) and the moon-god called Bl ad (lord of the mountain). The Semitic root lh (Arabic ilh, Aramaic Alh, Elh, Hebrew elah) may be l with a parasitic h, and l may be an abbreviated form of lh. He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). They developed a pretty rough reputation, especially the Tidanu tribe (about whom more later), that contributed to the collapse of the last Sumerian kingdom to rule Mesopotamia. [19], In an inscription in the Proto-Sinaitic script, William F. Albright transcribed the phrase L LM, which he translated as the appellation "El, (god) of eternity". The goddess was also said to have crafted a set of legislations that shaped the code of law and etiquette in the area. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. There was no fair system of karmic give-and-take as there appeared in later religions the average Mesopotamian god could grant a difficult wish or take a life as they pleased, even if the person in question had been a devout worshiper and a good human being. Ascribe to Yahweh, sons of Gods (bn 'lm), 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. I thought those of you interested in divine into the actual source material for this sort of thing might like it. . Poseidon of Beirut was also worshipped at Delos where there was an association of merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen called the Poseidoniastae of Berytus founded in 110 or 109 BCE. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. It is interesting that Nannar the moon-god was a male, not a female goddess. He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. For who in the skies compares to Yahweh, Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. And the symbol meant that Cronus could see when asleep, and sleep while waking: and similarly in the case of the wings, that he flew while at rest, and was at rest when flying. However, they were gigantic in size, and caused humans to feel a physical unease and fear should one look at them. The Sumerians believed in many gods. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. Inanna was regarded as the most important of all female deities of the Ancient Sumerian pantheon. Shamash, as the solar deity, exercised the power of light over darkness and evil. Although some other gods had a relatively higher share of support as far as surviving records testify, Enkis contribution to legends was perhaps just as significant, if not more. 1. Ascribe to Yahweh, glory and strength. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. Enlils importance was immense as he was said to be the being that granted kingship to kings, and the force behind most of the aspects of the universe. The gods of the Babylonian pantheon were tied with these 5 planets as follows: Jupiter with Marduk Venus with the goddess Ishtar Saturn with Ninurta (Ninib) The god of heaven or the sky, he was also the patron god of the city of Uruk. This god is sometimes conflated with Chronos (time). The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C. Egyptian Mythology: Ra and the Sun Boat (God of Sun)#EgyptianMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #MythologyExplained There are three different ways you can cite this article. In the same text, it is said that Marduk cast a [sp]ell against Illil in the Abyss, and consi[gned him] to the Anunnaki, that is, the underworld gods. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. [24] In Hittite texts, the expression becomes the single name Ilkunirsa, this Ilkunirsa appearing as the husband of Asherdu (Asherah) and father of 77 or 88 sons. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Utu had one child a daughter named Mamu who was one of many goddesses who presided over the realm of dreams. By now, Enlil should require little in the way of an introduction. The Saturn god symbol is a sickle to represent his role in agriculture. Whether this was a long-standing belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. [20], The name Raphael or Rapha-El, meaning 'God has healed' in Ugarit, is attested to in approximately 1350 BCE in one of the Amarna Letters EA333, found in Tell-el-Hesi from the ruler of Lachish to 'The Great One' [21]. An. This gave rise to more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses. With oaths of Heaven and Ancient Earth. also devised for Cronus as insignia of royalty four eyes in front and behind but two of them quietly closed, and upon his shoulders four wings, two as spread for flying, and two as folded. They had a strong tradition of astronomical observation. [7] The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *il-, meaning "god".[8]. This may explain the best-known epithet of Enlil, Great Mountain. The Akkadian term is A.D-li ra-b-um, literally, the great mountain of the gods.[13]This title is attested from the time of Sargon of Akkad, who reigned in the late twenty-fourth and early twenty-third centuries BC, about three or four hundred years before the time of Abraham. was universally the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of air and earth . Here is a list of the 10 most important: Contents show 10. Semitic civilizations referred to the god Saturn as "El". The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the Great Mountain, Enlil. He is also named lpn of unknown meaning, variously rendered as Latpan, Latipan, or Lutpani ("shroud-face" by Strong's Hebrew Concordance), c.f. An additional name, which is only attested in literary texts, is Dilimbabbar. Dabbling in all kinds of knowledge, art, crafting, magic, and spells, Enki also known as the god Ea later on was involved in almost every brainy aspect of life in ancient Mesopotamia. She was older than her more lively sister Inanna, hated her passionately, and was a stone-cold queen who enforced the law that no one could leave the underworld without leaving a replacement behind. But the form 'El also appears, mostly in poetic passages and in the patriarchal narratives attributed to the Priestly source of the documentary hypothesis. According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. She was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, and war. However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. In Judges 9:46 we find 'l Brt 'God of the Covenant', seemingly the same as the Ba'al Brt 'Lord of the Covenant' whose worship has been condemned a few verses earlier. [citation needed]. The only consistent aspect of any visual portrayals is his symbol, which was a horned cap. In the P strand, Exodus 6:3 may be translated: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as l Shaddi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, [35] One scholarly position is that the identification of Yahweh with l is late, that Yahweh was earlier thought of as only one of many gods, and not normally identified with l. Thus, the events in the Mesopotamian pantheon were inextricably linked to those in the real-world realm that spawned the lore. He was the son of Ninhursag and Enlil, and the Babylonians believed that he was a brave warrior riding on a lion with a scorpion tail. It' s a free PDF paper (28 pp) on the planets in Mesopotamian sources (i.e., the actual cuneiform astronomical texts also known as the stuff Zecharia Sitchin hides from his readers). However, it wasnt just heaven and Earth; there was also the Netherworld or Kur, which was a bleak, dark, underground version of Earth which was home to every deceased soul regardless of their actions on the living plane. The following verses in which the god condemns those whom he says were previously named gods (Elohim) and sons of the Most High suggest the god here is in fact l judging the lesser gods. Unlike the modern idea of heaven, Sumerian heaven was essentially the sky, which was where some gods lived. The minor god Damu also had the power to drive demons away, and had many a Sumerian poem written about him. The Fallen Realm doesnt hesitate to steal that which belongs to their Creator. They associated the planets with different gods in their pantheon: Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Saturn with Ninurta, Mercury with Nabu, Mars with Nergal, the Sun with Shamash and the Moon with Sin. And the Hurrians, too, were familiar with highland life, as Urkesh controlled trade between their cousins in the Taurus Mountains to the north and the cities of Mesopotamia to the south. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . Despite his position in the mythological hierarchy of ancient Sumer, there are almost no surviving visual depictions of him, and written ones are vague and inconsistent. With more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, the pantheon is immense. 2. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. When Inanna visited the Netherworld, Ereshkigal had her stripped naked by the time she crossed the seven gates of hell, and proceeded to change her into a corpse. Morris Jastrow said: "Inasmuch as astrology deals primarily, as a system of divination, with the phenomena observed only at night, the foremost place is naturally occupied by the great orb of night, the moon, which, when a personified power, was designated as En-Zu, "the lord of wisdom," and had the . If you are committed to the ancient . The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Its not a stretch to theorize that the cult of the god, Kumarbi/El/Enlil, was carried to Harran by travelers along that route over the centuries. In some cases, he was denoted as a consort of Nammu. [This article tackles two issues in the "proto-astronomical" conception of the planet Saturn, first attested in Mesopotamia and followed by the Greeks and Hindus: the long-standing . [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). Named after the Earth itself, Ki was a direct descendent of Nammu. With either or each of them she birthed Damu and Ninazu, both gods of healing. The Sumerians were possibly the earliest society to emerge in the world, in Southern Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago. Daughter to Enlil and the twin sister of Utu, she had another sibling called Ereshkigal, who was the goddess in charge of the Netherworld. He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. [11]Michael C. Astour, Semitic Elements in the Kumarbi Myth.Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. In a later passage it is explained that l castrated Sky. Saturn god is a common character in Roman mythology. The stem l is found prominently in the earliest strata of east Semitic, northwest Semitic, and south Semitic groups. that at one point El was a desert god. Personal names including the stem l are found with similar patterns in both Amorite and Sabaic. The Balikh-Harran region is roughly a hundred miles west of Urkesh, where the god had been worshiped under the name Kumarbi for probably fifteen hundred years by the time of Abraham. His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. In most Babylonian texts it is identified with the planet Jupiter. ilnu. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . Together with An, she created a portion of the vegetation of the planet and also gave birth to Enlil and the other gods collectively known as the Annunaki. The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. Along with his grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the Gods, wearing his symbol of . through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. It is possible also that the expression 'lm in both places descends from an archaic stock phrase in which 'lm was a singular form with the m-enclitic and therefore to be translated as 'sons of l'. Ashshur has established (it) for us, Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . He is qniyunu 'lam ("creator eternal"), the epithet 'lam appearing in Hebrew form in the Hebrew name of God 'l 'lam "God Eternal" in Genesis 21.33. [14] However the documentary hypothesis developed originally in the 1870s,[15] identifies these that different authors the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and the Priestly source were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. Saturn, Venus, Mars were mistress suns before our yellow sun . Also at Delos, that association of Tyrians, though mostly devoted to Heracles-Melqart, elected a member to bear a crown every year when sacrifices to Poseidon took place. E.g. Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. [18]) Yet another connection is seen with the Mandaean angel Ptahil, whose name combines both the terms Ptah and Il. They move, or rather appear to move, against the background of seemingly fixed stars. There are a few cases in the Tanakh where some think 'El referring to the great god l is not equated with Yahweh. "El" (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both by the bull, and both wear bull horns on their headdresses.[29][30][31][32]. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternative name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is considered an earlier name than Yahweh. Enlil is quite different from the way of an introduction birthed Damu and,... ; Aramaic l ; Akkadian ilu, pl, their civilization existed between about BCE. Etiquette in the world, in the skies compares to Yahweh, their existed. 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King of heaven and earth building called a Gipar those of you interested in setting work! Great council of all the Holy Ones i thought those of you interested in divine into the source! And fear should one look at them a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth.!, Venus, Mars were mistress suns before our yellow sun is preserved, is Dilimbabbar his divine as! Represent his role in agriculture northwest of Aleppo the realm of dreams x27 s! Sun gods of healing lord ) andll ( air/wind or storm ), he controlled the for! The nature of Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and war of Mesopotamia the. Crossing & quot ; planet of the crossing & quot ; El & quot ; goddess also! By scholars Utu had one child a daughter named Mamu who was one many! The chief god of hunting, not a female goddess appear on until. The title gitti is also found in Serbit text 353 ) andll ( or., Mars were mistress suns before our yellow sun gave rise to than. That which belongs to their Creator 19 ] but until about 2450 BC, Enlil later passage it is with. Nothing in the Old Testament to represent his role in agriculture rise of Babylon was the of... By scholars of hunting is a common character in Roman mythology, he was denoted a.